LiNKODER

INTRODUCTION

Please cite the following paper if you use LiNKODER in your research project:

Pourmohamadi, M., & Gero, J. S. (2011). LINKOgrapher: An analysis tool to study design protocols based on FBS coding scheme. In DS 68-2: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 11), Impacting Society through Engineering Design, Vol. 2: Design Theory and Research Methodology, Lyngby/Copenhagen, Denmark, 15.-19.08. 2011. [PDF]

The LiNKODER uses Function-Behaviour-Structure (FBS) Coding Scheme to analyse verbal protocols of design. More information about FBS  Ontology of Design can be found in the following papers:

• Gero, J. S. (1990). Design prototypes: a knowledge representation schema for design. AI magazine, 11(4), 26-26. 

• Gero, J. S., & Kannengiesser, U. D. O. (2006). A function-behaviour-structure ontology of processes. In Design Computing and Cognition’06 (pp. 407-422). Springer.

• Gero, J. S., & Mc Neill, T. (1998). An approach to the analysis of design protocols. Design studies, 19(1), 21-61. 

• Gero, J.S., Kan, J.W.T. and Pourmohamadi, M. (2011) Analysing design protocols: Development of methods and tools, in A Chakrabarti (ed.), Research into Design, Research Publishing, pp. 3-10.

• Kan, J. W., & Gero, J. S. (2017). Quantitative methods for studying design protocols. Springer. 

The following research projects are use LiNKODER to analyse design protocols:

• Gero, J. S., Jiang, H., & Williams, C. B. (2013). Design cognition differences when using unstructured, partially structured, and structured concept generation creativity techniques. International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 1(4), 196-214. 

• Chai, C., Cen, F., Ruan, W., Yang, C., & Li, H. (2015). Behavioral analysis of analogical reasoning in design: Differences among designers with different expertise levels. Design Studies, 36, 3-30. 

• Jiang, H., & Yen, C. C. (2010). Understanding senior design students’ product conceptual design activities: a comparison between industrial and engineering design students. 

• Hatcher, G., Ion, W., Maclachlan, R., Marlow, M., Simpson, B., Wilson, N., & Wodehouse, A. (2018). Using linkography to compare creative methods for group ideation. Design Studies, 58, 127-152. 

• Becattini, N., Cascini, G., & Rotini, F. (2015). An OTSM-TRIZ based framework towards the computer-aided identification of cognitive processes in design protocols. In Design Computing and Cognition'14 (pp. 99-117). Springer, Cham. 

• Monache, S. D., & Rocchesso, D. (2016). Cooperative sound design: A protocol analysis. In Proceedings of the Audio Mostly 2016 (pp. 154-161). 

• Pauwels, P., Strobbe, T., Derboven, J., & De Meyer, R. (2015). Conversation and critique within the architectural design process: A linkograph analysis. In Design Computing and Cognition'14 (pp. 135-152). Springer, Cham. 

• Chandrasekera, T., & Yoon, S. Y. (2018). The effect of augmented and virtual reality interfaces in the creative design process. International Journal of Virtual and Augmented Reality (IJVAR), 2(1), 1-13. 

• Lee, J. H., & Ostwald, M. J. (2019). Measuring cognitive complexity in parametric design. International Journal of Design Creativity and Innovation, 7(3), 158-178. 

• Gero, J., & Hao, J. (2014). Comparing the design cognition of concept design reviews of industrial and mechanical engineering designers. 

• Yu, R., Ostwald, M., & Gu, N. (2015). Empirical Evidence of Designers’ Cognitive Behavior in a Parametric Design Environment and Geometric Modeling Environment. In The International Association of Societies of Design Research Conference (IASDR 2015), Brisbane, Australia. 

• Dahiya, A., & Kumar, J. User centric data shaping designer centric creativity: Observations from experimental study. 

• Yu, R. (2014). Exploring the impact of rule algorithms on designers’ cognitive behaviour in a parametric design environment (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Newcastle). 

• Chandrasegaran, R. S. K. (2016). Tools and Methods to Analyze Multimodal Data in Collaborative Design Ideation. 

• Lee, J. H., Ostwald, M. J., & Gu, N. (2020). Measuring Cognitive Complexity. In Design Thinking: Creativity, Collaboration and Culture (pp. 85-110). Springer, Cham. 

• Hurst, A., Nespoli, O. G., Abdellahi, S., & Gero, J. S. (2019, July). A Comparison of Design Activity of Academics and Practitioners Using the FBS Ontology: A Case Study. In Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design (Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1323-1332). Cambridge University Press. 

• CİNDİOĞLU, H. C. (2019). THE INFLUENCE OF EMERGENT MIXED-REALITY TECHNOLOGIES ON DESIGN THINKING (Doctoral dissertation, MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY). 

• Mehrad, S., Dezhdar, O., & Talischi, G. (2020). The application of Linkography method in basic architectural design studio, in order to analyze of novice student & master interactions. Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism. 

• Delle Monache, S., & Rocchesso, D. Exploring design cognition in voice-driven sound sketching and synthesis. In 14th International Symposium on Computer Music Multidisciplinary Research (p. 157). 

• Yang, X., & Cheng, J. (2019, July). Impact of Inspiration Sources on Designer’s Idea Generation Strategy. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 42-52). Springer, Cham. 

• Yannou, B., Cluzel, F., & Lamé, G. (2018, August). Adapting the FBS model of designing for usage-driven innovation processes. In International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference (Vol. 51845, p. V007T06A011). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. 

• Luo, Y., Liang, M., Gao, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, C., Su, X., & Huang, W. (2020). Investigating Site Survey Process with Protocol Analysis and an Extended FBS Framework.

• Kumar, M., Roy, S., Bhushan, B., Sameer, A., Mittal, S., & Sarkar, B. (2021). Understanding the dynamics of emotions during the design process. In Design for Tomorrow—Volume 2: Proceedings of ICoRD 2021 (pp. 469-482). Springer Singapore.

• Mehrad, S., Dezhdar, O., & Talischi, G. (2021). Training in Basic Design Studio: Analysis of Tutor & Novice Students Interactions, Using Linkography Method. Space Ontology International Journal, 10(2), 33-44.

• Shih, Y. T., & Sher, W. (2021). Exploring the Role of CAD and its Application in Design Education. Computer-Aided Design and Applications, 18(6), 1410-1424.

• Delle Monache, S., & Rocchesso, D. (2021). Exploring design cognition in voice-driven sound sketching and synthesis. In Perception, Representations, Image, Sound, Music: 14th International Symposium, CMMR 2019, Marseille, France, October 14–18, 2019, Revised Selected Papers 14 (pp. 465-480). Springer International Publishing.

• Ashrafganjouei, M., & Gero, J. S. (2021). Exploring the effect of a visual constraint on students’ design cognition. AI EDAM, 35(1), 3-19.

• Aghayan, S., Ghoddusifar, S. H., & Islami, S. G. (2021). Procedural s‌tudy on the methods that analyze the design process. International journal of architecture and urban development, 11(1), 61-70.

• Mehrad, S., Dezhdar, O., & Talischi, G. (2022)  Application of Linkography Method to Analyse the Teacher-Student Interactions in the Basic Architectural Design Studio, Journal of Iranian Architecture & Urbanism, 13(1): 5-18

• Kannengiesser, U., & Gero, J. S. (2022). What distinguishes a model of systems engineering from other models of designing? An ontological, data-driven analysis. Research in Engineering Design, 33(2), 129-159.

• Görgün Göksu, G. (2022). The effects of performance-based design tools on design thinking process (Master's thesis, Middle East Technical University).

• Härkki, Tellervo. (2022). Mobile gaze tracking and an extended linkography for collaborative sketching and designing. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-35.

• Mitra, Deny Willy Junaidy (2023). "Assessing The Creative Improvisation Of A Chief Builder In Overcoming Technical Problems Of Interior Design Project Using Linkography." New Design Ideas, Vol.7, No.1, 2023, pp.171-191

• J. Huang, X. Zhang and Y. Tang, "Using Linkography to Quantitatively Analyze the Design Ideation of AI Agents," 2023 15th International Conference on Intelligent Human-Machine Systems and Cybernetics (IHMSC), Hangzhou, China, 2023, pp. 241-244, doi: 10.1109/IHMSC58761.2023.00063.

• Ahuja, S., & Kumar, J. (2024, June). Understanding Ethical Thinking in Design Education: A Linkographic Study. In Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium on HCI Education (pp. 1-11).

• Delle Monache, S., Özcan, E., & Misdariis, N. (2024). Designing [The, With, Against] Sound [For]: Towards A Semantic-oriented Coding Scheme For Protocol Studies In Sound-driven Design.